Us Central Plains: Midwest Farmlands & Prairies

The US Central Plains region forms a vital part of the Midwest, characterized by its expansive prairies and fertile farmlands. Agriculture thrives in the US Central Plains because of the region’s favorable climate and soil conditions. The landscape is dominated by flat to gently rolling terrain, which supports extensive cultivation of corn, soybeans, and wheat. The Missouri River also acts as a crucial waterway for transportation and irrigation throughout the US Central Plains.

Unveiling the Heartland: More Than Just Cornfields!

Let’s be real, when you think of the US Central Plains, what springs to mind? Probably endless fields of corn swaying in the breeze, right? Well, get ready to have your mind blown because this region is so much more than meets the eye! It’s the heart and soul of America, a vast expanse often overlooked but brimming with a quiet strength, beauty, and a whole lotta character.

A Tapestry of Landscapes

Imagine this: You’re cruising down a highway, and the landscape morphs from rolling prairies that seem to stretch on forever to the shimmering waters of a major river system. That’s the Central Plains for you – a land of surprising diversity that keeps you guessing around every bend. From the seemingly endless fields to the winding rivers, there’s something here for everyone.

Our Mission: A Central Plains Deep Dive

So, what’s our plan? We’re diving headfirst into this incredible region to uncover its secrets. We’ll explore everything from its unique geography and thriving ecology to its booming agriculture and rich culture. We’ll even tackle the challenges it faces in the 21st century. Think of it as a virtual road trip through the heartland!

Meet the Players: The Central Plains States

Who’s invited to the party? Well, we’re talking about the states that truly embody the spirit of the Central Plains: Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and North Dakota. Each state brings its own flavor to the mix, contributing to the region’s unique identity. Get ready to meet them all!

Geographic Tapestry: Mapping the Central Plains

Alright, partner, let’s saddle up and take a ride across the Central Plains! Finding it on a map, can feel like searching for your keys when you’re already late; it’s there, but where exactly? Think of it as the heart of the US, stretching from roughly the foothills of the Rockies eastward, covering a big chunk of the country’s mid-section. We’re talkin’ about a vast expanse that doesn’t get as much love as the coasts, but trust me, it’s got a character all its own.

Now, picture this: mile after mile of open sky meeting a landscape that’s flatter than a pancake… mostly. That’s the Great Plains for ya! As you head west, you’ll notice the ground starts to rise slowly, like the world’s most gradual ramp. Then, you have the prairies, which ain’t just one thing. There are grasses tall enough to hide a horse and rider (almost!), and then there are the short, tough ones that can handle the dry spells. Each type buzzing with its own vibe of plant life and critters.

But wait, there’s more! The Central Plains aren’t just a monotonous flatland. Imagine tossing in some rolling hills for good measure – like nature’s gently rumpled blanket. These undulating terrains add a dash of spice to the scenery. And let’s not forget the bluffs, those dramatic river banks that rise up like natural fortresses. They offer some seriously killer views and a peek into the region’s geological history. The mighty Missouri River carves through the landscape forming tall bluffs in some locations, especially in western Iowa and eastern Nebraska.

These landforms aren’t just pretty faces, though. They’re key to the Plains’ whole story. The flat lands and fertile soils are perfect for farming, the rivers bring life-giving water, and even those bluffs can be perfect spots for wildlife. Human activity such as agriculture, ranching and towns and cities rely on these landforms. From the grasses that feed cattle to the waterways that feed fields and quench our thirst, each plays its part in the Central Plains ecosystem and our lives.

Lifeblood of the Plains: Major Rivers and Waterways

Okay, picture this: the Central Plains, a vast expanse that might seem like just endless fields to some. But, scratch the surface (literally, if you’re a prairie dog) and you’ll find a secret network pulsating beneath, a watery web that’s the very reason this region thrives: its rivers. These aren’t just scenic backdrops; they’re the life support of the Plains, essential for everything from watering our crops to giving wildlife a place to call home.

These rivers aren’t just pretty faces; they’re the engines that drive the Plains. Think about it: without reliable water for irrigation, those golden fields of wheat and corn wouldn’t be quite so golden (or plentiful). Historically, these waterways were also the original highways, bustling with steamboats and flatboats carrying goods and people. Even today, they play a role in moving essential commodities. And let’s not forget the ecological aspect: these rivers are oases for all sorts of creatures, from migratory birds to fish, creating vibrant ecosystems amidst the grasslands.

Let’s dive into some of the starring players in this watery drama:

The Missouri River: “Big Muddy” is more than just a nickname.

The Missouri River, affectionately nicknamed “Big Muddy,” isn’t just any river; it’s the longest in North America. This granddaddy of rivers has been a major transportation route since the days of the early pioneers and fur traders. More importantly, it’s a critical source of water for countless communities and farms along its winding path. Without the Missouri, a whole lot of the Central Plains wouldn’t be what it is today.

The Platte River: A Bird Lover’s Paradise (and a River That’s Surprisingly Shallow).

Now, the Platte River might not be as long as the Missouri, but what it lacks in length, it makes up for in importance to wildlife. This river is famous for being wide, shallow, and a crucial stopover point for millions of migratory birds every year. Seriously, if you’re into birdwatching, the Platte River during migration season is basically the Super Bowl of birding.

The Kansas River: Simple name, essential resource

Don’t let the simple name fool you; the Kansas River, or the “Kaw” as it’s often called, drains a huge chunk of Kansas, making it super important for agriculture and keeping the taps running in many towns. It is the lifeblood of the sunflower state when it comes to water.

The Arkansas River: From the Rockies to the Mississippi

From its start in the Rocky Mountains to its endpoint at the Mississippi River, the Arkansas River is a workhorse. It provides irrigation for fields and recreation for outdoor enthusiasts. It demonstrates how crucial rivers are for the diverse needs of the area.

The Red River: A natural border and a water source

Last but not least, the Red River. It forms part of the boundary between Oklahoma and Texas. This river shapes regional ecosystems.

Weathering the Plains: Climate and Seasonal Patterns

Alright, buckle up, folks, because we’re about to dive headfirst into the wild world of Central Plains weather! Forget those mild coastal breezes – here, we’re talking about a full-blown continental climate. That means we get the whole shebang: sizzling summers, frigid winters, and everything in between. Think of it as Mother Nature’s mood swings, but on a grand, geographic scale.

Now, picture this: vast stretches of grassland swaying in the breeze, under a sky that seems to go on forever. That’s the temperate grassland biome in action. It’s a land of wide-open spaces, where plants and animals have learned to tough it out through some seriously challenging conditions.

Speaking of challenges, get ready for some serious temperature swings! In the summer, you might be sweating through triple-digit heat, wishing you were an ice cube. But come winter, you’ll be bundled up in so many layers you’ll resemble a walking marshmallow. It’s a land of extremes, that’s for sure!

But wait, there’s more! The Central Plains also happens to be smack-dab in the middle of “Tornado Alley”, which means we get more than our fair share of twisters. These aren’t your garden-variety dust devils, either – we’re talking about powerful, destructive forces of nature. And that’s not all, droughts are a recurring nightmare, turning fertile fields into dust bowls and leaving farmers praying for rain. Then, just when you think you’ve seen it all, along come the blizzards, burying everything under mountains of snow and bringing daily life to a complete standstill. Living here isn’t for the faint of heart, but it’s these very challenges that make the people of the Central Plains so resilient and resourceful.

Beneath the Surface: Soil Composition and Ecoregions

Ever wonder what makes the Central Plains so darn good at growing things? It all starts beneath our feet! Let’s dig into the fascinating world of soils and ecoregions that make this area tick.

Mollisols: The Black Gold of the Plains

Picture this: deep, dark, and incredibly fertile soil. That’s mollisol for ya! These soils are the rock stars of the Central Plains, thanks to their high organic matter content. Over centuries, decaying grasses have enriched these soils, making them perfect for growing just about anything. We’re talking corn, soybeans, wheat – you name it! Mollisols are like the black gold of the farming world, giving the Central Plains its reputation as a breadbasket.

Loess Soils: Nature’s Windblown Gift

Now, let’s talk about loess soils. Pronounced “luss,” it is made from wind-blown silt deposits. Imagine tiny particles of sediment carried by the wind over long distances and settling down to create incredibly fertile ground. These soils are well-drained and easy to work with, making them another farmer’s favorite. Plus, they often create unique, rolling landscapes that are as beautiful as they are practical. They’re like the special sauce that adds extra flavor to the region’s agricultural prowess.

Ecoregions: A Patchwork of Habitats

The Central Plains aren’t just one big, homogenous blob. Nah, they’re a patchwork of different ecoregions, each with its own unique vibe.

Tallgrass Prairie: The OG Grassland

First up, the tallgrass prairie. Imagine a sea of grasses so tall they could tickle a bison’s belly. This is the ecosystem that used to dominate the eastern part of the Central Plains, with grasses like bluestem, switchgrass, and indiangrass reaching for the sky. Unfortunately, much of the tallgrass prairie has been converted to farmland, but efforts are underway to restore this iconic landscape.

Mixed Grass Prairie: The Transition Zone

Moving westward, we hit the mixed-grass prairie. This is where the tall grasses start to mingle with shorter varieties, creating a transition zone between the lush east and the drier west. It’s a bit like a prairie melting pot, with a mix of plant and animal life that keeps things interesting.

Shortgrass Prairie: The Arid Advocate

Finally, we have the shortgrass prairie. Out here, things are a bit drier, so the grasses are shorter and tougher. This is where you’ll find plants adapted to handle the harsh conditions, like buffalo grass and blue grama. Despite its arid nature, the shortgrass prairie is a tough beauty that supports a unique array of wildlife.

Soil Types, Ecoregions, and the Circle of Life

So, how do these soil types and ecoregions influence life on the Plains? Well, the rich mollisols and loess soils provide the foundation for abundant plant growth, which in turn supports a diverse community of animals. The different ecoregions create a variety of habitats, from the towering grasses of the tallgrass prairie to the drought-resistant plants of the shortgrass prairie. It’s all interconnected, like a giant, beautiful ecosystem dance. Each element plays a crucial role in keeping the Central Plains alive and thriving. It is a vital piece of what makes this region so special!

A Living Tapestry: Flora and Fauna of the Plains

Ah, the Central Plains – it’s not just about endless fields, folks. It’s a vibrant ecosystem teeming with life, if you know where to look! Think of it as nature’s own carefully curated art exhibit, starring grasses, flowers, and critters aplenty. So, let’s pull back the curtain and meet some of the stars.

Native Plants: The Green Scene

First up, the foundation of it all: the grasses! Bluestem, Switchgrass, and Indiangrass aren’t just names that sound like characters from a Western; they’re the backbone of the prairie. These grasses aren’t just pretty faces, they are the unsung heroes of carbon sequestration, erosion control, and, you know, just generally being awesome. They are the true ecological powerhouses.

Now, let’s add some color. Picture this: fields dotted with Coneflowers, their sunny faces tracking the sun, alongside the cheerful Black-Eyed Susans and the ever-iconic Sunflowers. These wildflowers aren’t just eye candy; they’re a crucial buffet for our buzzing, fluttering pollinator pals. Without them, our plates (and bellies!) would be a whole lot emptier.

And what about the trees? The Plains aren’t entirely treeless, you know. Along the rivers and in sheltered spots, you’ll find Cottonwoods, Willows, Oaks, Ashes, and the hardy Eastern Red Cedar. Each of these has carved out its own niche in this landscape. They provide much-needed shade and shelter from the elements, and even some tasty leaves for wildlife.

Wildlife: The Plains’ Resident Celebrities

Speaking of wildlife, let’s talk about the real stars of the show. You can’t discuss the Plains without paying homage to the majestic Bison. These shaggy giants once roamed in the millions, shaping the landscape and sustaining entire cultures. Their story is one of near-extinction and triumphant (though incomplete) return. They are a symbol of the Plains.

Then there are the Prairie Dogs, those endlessly entertaining little guys who are practically the mayors of their own underground towns. These tiny rodents are the definition of keystone species, meaning they play an outsized role in keeping the prairie ecosystem in balance. They are the master architects that others build on.

Keep your eyes peeled, and you might spot a Coyote or a Deer gracefully navigating the landscape. And don’t forget to look up! Hawks and Eagles soar through the sky, keeping a watchful eye on the goings-on below. These birds of prey are essential for keeping rodent populations in check and for providing spectacular viewing opportunities for humans.

And for the brave of heart (or those with sturdy boots), there’s the Prairie Rattlesnake. These native reptiles are more interested in keeping to themselves, and are a vital part of the food web. If you leave them alone, they’ll leave you alone.

Invasive Species: The Unwanted Guests

Of course, no ecosystem is without its challenges. The Central Plains are facing their fair share of unwelcome guests in the form of invasive species. The Eastern Red Cedar, for instance, is starting to encroach on grasslands, elbowing out native plants and changing the very fabric of the prairie.

Honey Locusts are another nuisance, spreading aggressively and disrupting the natural order. And let’s not forget the multitude of weeds that compete with crops and native plants alike.

Battling these invaders is an ongoing effort that requires a mix of science, sweat, and a whole lot of determination.

Breadbasket Bonanza: Digging into Agriculture and Gardening in the Central Plains

Let’s face it, when you think of the Central Plains, images of endless fields might pop into your head. And you wouldn’t be wrong! This region is the undisputed champ when it comes to agriculture. It’s the engine that feeds a huge chunk of the world, and we’re here to take a peek at what makes it all tick.

Central Plains Crop Lineup

First, let’s talk about the superstars of the Central Plains’ agricultural scene:

• Corn: This isn’t just for grilling at your summer BBQ. Corn is the king here, fueling livestock and sneaking into everything from processed foods to industrial products. It’s the versatile all-star!
• Soybeans: Another big hitter. These little beans are protein and oil powerhouses, finding their way into everything from tofu to biodiesel.
• Wheat: The staff of life! Central Plains wheat fields are vast, providing the grain for bread, pasta, and countless other goodies we love.
• Sorghum: The tough guy of the group. Sorghum can handle the heat and dry spells better than most, making it a reliable crop in trickier climates.
• Alfalfa: Think of alfalfa as the salad bar for cows! This forage crop is essential for keeping our bovine friends happy and healthy.

Livestock Lowdown

It’s not just about the plants, though. The Central Plains are also home to a booming livestock industry:

• Cattle: “Beef, it’s what’s for dinner!” And a whole lot of that beef comes from right here. Ranchers across the plains raise cattle for a massive industry.
• Hogs: Oink, oink! Pork production is another major economic driver, with farmers raising hogs to bring home the bacon (literally!).
• Poultry: From crispy fried chicken to Thanksgiving turkeys, the Central Plains contribute a huge amount of poultry to tables nationwide.

Gardening in the Heartland

Now, what about the folks with a green thumb who aren’t running massive farms? Gardening in the Central Plains comes with its own set of challenges, but also rewards:

• Vegetable Gardening: Growing your own tomatoes that actually taste like tomatoes? Yes, please! Just be prepared for a battle with the elements – and maybe the occasional hungry critter.
• Fruit Trees: Imagine picking your own juicy peaches or crisp apples. Choosing varieties that can handle the region’s climate is key, but the payoff is delicious.
• Drought-Tolerant Landscaping: Water is precious, so smart gardeners choose plants that don’t need constant watering. Think native grasses, succulents, and other tough guys.
• Native Plant Gardening: Want to help the local ecosystem and attract beautiful butterflies? Plant native wildflowers and grasses!

Ag Practices for the Future

Finally, let’s dive into how farmers are working to keep the Central Plains productive while also protecting the environment:

• Irrigation: Making sure crops get the water they need, especially during dry spells. It’s a delicate balance, requiring careful water management.
• No-Till Farming: Ditching the plow and letting the soil stay put. This reduces erosion and helps the soil retain moisture.
• Crop Rotation: Switching up crops each season to improve soil health and keep pests from getting too comfortable. It’s like a spa day for the soil!
• Conservation Tillage: Finding the sweet spot between tilling the soil and protecting it. It’s all about finding the right balance for each farm and each year.

Hubs and Hamlets: Cities and Communities of the Central Plains

Let’s trade our cowboy boots for city shoes as we mosey into the urban heart of the Central Plains! While wide-open prairies and amber waves of grain might be the first images that pop into your head, this region is also sprinkled with vibrant cities, each with its own flavor and story to tell. And don’t forget the charming small towns – the real backbone of the heartland!

Major Cities: A Symphony of Flavors

The Central Plains isn’t just cornfields and cattle; it’s home to some surprisingly dynamic cities. Let’s take a whirlwind tour:

• Omaha, Nebraska: Imagine a city where Warren Buffett hangs his hat and the College World Series is practically a religion. Omaha’s a surprisingly hip place, blending Midwestern charm with a burgeoning arts scene and a serious love for steak. You’ll find everything from cutting-edge tech startups to the historic Old Market district, brimming with cobblestone streets and quirky shops.

• Kansas City, Missouri: Ah, Kansas City – where BBQ is an art form and jazz music flows through the streets like the Missouri River. Known for its fountains, friendly locals, and a thriving arts and culture scene, Kansas City seamlessly blends Midwestern hospitality with big-city amenities. Don’t forget to indulge in some world-class barbecue – seriously, you haven’t lived until you’ve had Kansas City-style ribs!

• Wichita, Kansas: The “Air Capital of the World” might sound a bit industrial, but Wichita has more to offer than just airplanes. It’s a city with a strong entrepreneurial spirit, a growing downtown area, and a surprising number of parks and outdoor spaces. Plus, you can explore its aviation history at the Kansas Aviation Museum, which is sure to impress.

• Des Moines, Iowa: Don’t let the “flyover state” stereotype fool you – Des Moines is a rising star in the Midwest. This city boasts a robust economy, a thriving arts scene, and a surprisingly progressive vibe. With its farmers’ markets, bike trails, and friendly atmosphere, Des Moines is the perfect place to experience Midwestern charm with a modern twist.

• Lincoln, Nebraska: Home to the University of Nebraska, Lincoln pulses with youthful energy. It’s a classic college town that delivers big on culture and events. And the local football team, the Huskers, are practically deities, uniting the city in a sea of red and white on game days.

• Oklahoma City, Oklahoma: Rising like a phoenix from its dust bowl past, Oklahoma City has transformed into a modern metropolis. From the moving Oklahoma City National Memorial & Museum to the vibrant Bricktown Canal, this city blends history with innovation and a unique Southwestern flair.

The Heartbeat of the Heartland: Rural Life

Now, let’s wander away from the bright lights of the city and lose ourselves in the essence of rural life. It’s where the true spirit of the Central Plains resides:

• Rural Communities: Life here revolves around hard work, strong community bonds, and a deep connection to the land. You’ll find farmers tending to their crops, families gathering at local diners, and a sense of neighborly support that’s hard to find anywhere else.

• Architectural Charm: And as you drive through these rural landscapes, pay attention to the architecture.

  • Farmhouses stand as testaments to generations of hard work and resilience.

  • Ranch houses, sprawling across the plains, echo the region’s cattle-ranching heritage.

  • And scattered throughout, you’ll spot Craftsman bungalows and homes influenced by Prairie School architecture, celebrating the simplicity and beauty of the prairie landscape.

Echoes of the Past: Cultural and Historical Significance

The First Voices: Native American Heritage

Before the arrival of wagons and wheat fields, the Central Plains resonated with the voices and traditions of numerous Native American tribes. The Sioux, Pawnee, Osage, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Comanche peoples called this region home for centuries. Their deep connection to the land shaped their cultures, economies, and spiritual beliefs. Imagine tipis dotting the landscape, the rhythmic beat of drums echoing through the prairies, and the intricate artwork adorning clothing and tools.

These tribes weren’t just passive inhabitants; they were active stewards of the land. They understood the delicate balance of the ecosystem, practicing sustainable hunting and agriculture, and utilizing the natural resources wisely. Their knowledge of medicinal plants, weather patterns, and animal behavior was invaluable for survival. Today, their legacy lives on through their descendants, who continue to preserve their cultural traditions and advocate for their rights. Recognizing and honoring their contributions is crucial to understanding the complete story of the Central Plains.

A Land Rush: Pioneer and Homesteading Days

Fast forward a few centuries, and the Central Plains underwent a dramatic transformation with the arrival of European settlers. The promise of free land under the Homestead Act of 1862 lured countless pioneers westward, eager to carve out a new life for themselves and their families. Picture covered wagons stretching across the horizon, the hopeful faces of immigrants searching for their slice of the American dream, and the backbreaking labor of turning the sod into fertile farmland.

The Homestead Act granted 160 acres of public land to anyone who could cultivate it for five years. This simple act sparked a massive wave of migration, transforming the prairies into a patchwork of farms and small towns. The pioneer spirit – characterized by resilience, resourcefulness, and a strong sense of community – became synonymous with the Central Plains. They weren’t just farming, they were building towns, schools, and a new society. But not everyone had such an easy time, they had to contend with blizzards and droughts.

From Prairie to Plate: The Agricultural Heart

The Central Plains quickly became the breadbasket of America, and later, the world. The region’s fertile soil, combined with the hard work and ingenuity of its farmers, allowed it to produce a bounty of crops and livestock. Agriculture became deeply ingrained in the region’s identity, shaping its economy, culture, and social fabric. Think of golden fields of wheat swaying in the breeze, the aroma of freshly baked bread filling the air, and the bustling activity of farmers markets brimming with locally grown produce.

The agricultural heritage of the Central Plains is more than just a story of economics; it’s a testament to the close relationship between people and the land. It’s a story of innovation, from the development of new farming techniques to the adoption of advanced technologies. It’s a story of community, where neighbors help neighbors during harvest season and families pass down farming traditions through generations. This agricultural legacy continues to shape the identity of the Central Plains, influencing its cuisine, festivals, and way of life.

Facing the Future: Environmental Issues and Conservation Efforts in the Central Plains

Okay, folks, let’s get real. The Central Plains might look like a never-ending sea of wheat and cornfields, but beneath that beautiful facade, we’ve got some serious environmental challenges to tackle. It’s like having a super cool car with a sputtering engine – we need to fix it to keep it running smoothly!

Water Conservation: Every Drop Counts!

First up, water. In a region that teeters on the edge of being semi-arid, every drop is like liquid gold. We’re talking about smart irrigation techniques, like getting all fancy with sensors that know exactly when and how much to water those crops. And hey, let’s not forget about the good old-fashioned rain barrels and encouraging folks to switch to xeriscaping (that’s fancy talk for drought-tolerant landscaping) in their yards. Saving water isn’t just a good idea, it’s a must. It’s essential for ensuring that our grandkids can still marvel at the majestic Platte River or float down the Arkansas on a hot summer day!

Soil Erosion: Holding Our Ground

Next, let’s talk about dirt, or rather, keeping it where it belongs. Soil erosion is a sneaky thief, robbing us of the fertile topsoil that makes the Central Plains such an agricultural powerhouse. So, what’s the plan? Think about no-till farming where we leave the crop residue on the surface to protect the soil, and planting cover crops like rye or clover to anchor everything down. And hey, even simple things like windbreaks – those rows of trees that act like nature’s shields – can make a huge difference. Trust me, keeping that soil in place is like locking up your valuables – you don’t want to lose it!

Pest Control: The Balancing Act

Now, pests. Ugh, nobody likes them, but blasting everything with chemicals isn’t the answer. We need a smart, balanced approach – you know, Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Think about introducing beneficial bugs that feast on the bad ones, rotating crops to confuse the pests, and using targeted pesticides only when absolutely necessary. It’s like being a referee in a boxing match – you want a fair fight, not a knockout!

Extreme Weather: Riding the Storm

And finally, those crazy weather events. Tornadoes, droughts, blizzards – the Central Plains has it all! We can’t control the weather but we can be prepared. That means building stronger structures, improving our warning systems, and developing drought-resistant crops. Farmers can adopt practices like water harvesting and building terraces to conserve moisture. It’s like having an emergency kit – you hope you never need it, but you’ll be glad you have it when the time comes.

Sustainable Practices: The Path Forward

But wait, there’s more! To truly thrive, we need to embrace sustainable practices across the board. That means:

• Agriculture: Promoting regenerative agriculture that builds soil health and reduces reliance on synthetic inputs.

• Urban Development: Designing cities that are water-wise, energy-efficient, and resilient to extreme weather.

• Resource Management: Conserving our natural resources through responsible stewardship and innovative technologies.

The Central Plains is a special place, and it’s up to all of us to protect it. By tackling these environmental challenges head-on and embracing sustainable practices, we can ensure that this heartland continues to thrive for generations to come. So, let’s roll up our sleeves, get our hands dirty, and make a difference!

So, next time you’re mapping out a road trip or just daydreaming about wide-open spaces, don’t overlook the US Central Plains. It’s a region that might just surprise you with its understated beauty and the stories it has to tell. Who knows, maybe I’ll see you out there!